Reflect on a challenge you overcame through persistence (650 words) Essay

Reflect on a challenge you overcame through persistence (650 words) - Essay Example I read the speeches of Socrates when I entered my tenth grade. It was then that i realized that I wanted to attain a speech ability like his through which i could persuade people as to what life really is about. In the tenth grade i tried competing in the debates organized by my school but i was not encouraged a bit by my parents or teachers. When i gave the auditions of my debate for the first time in school not a single stone was unturned in humiliating me by my class mates. It was then that i was quite discouraged and went into isolation for a few days to think as to if i could achieve my goal or not. However i did not lose hope and worked on my abilities to deliver speech. My aim was to participate in the debate competition as a leading participant but this aim was laughed upon by many of my class mates. In order to grasp better skills i had to sort out certain things which i lacked when delivering speeches. I suffered from the problem of stage fear and i had to cut off this prob lem first in order to deliver the speeches. To rectify this problem i started participating in activities which had audiences viewing it. The first option was of selecting different sports and participating in different activities so i could get strong in front of the audience. This greatly helped me in the field of debates as i learned to act in certain situations. After that my very next aim was to work on my debating skills. I began reading books and increased my vocabulary so i could write a better speech which would attract the audience. I learned the basics of debating through different lessons and i was successfully able to craft speeches. I delivered my speech in front of my friends and some of them praised it. This gave a boost to me so that i could compete in the next competition. I also got the encouragement of my parents and teachers after i rehearsed in front of them. I polished my skills of debating since i passed my tenth grade and was able to deliver in my next try. It was in high school that i tried for competing in debating again and this time the try was not wasted. I received a better appreciation from the crowd but still could not make up to the final participants. I erased my stage fear and learned to act in the situations of debates. It was here that the changing point of life had arrived. The teachers realized the potential in me and gave me a chance again in the last year of my high school. I learned skills from them and delivered well in the auditions. I was then qualified finally for the participants sent through my school. Although this was my first exposure to debates nationally i learned a lot from the event. I did not get to win from the event but my goal of being a debater was fulfilled. It was then that i made a platform for me to be a debater. After I passed my high school i participated in events which were outside the territory of my school and learned a lot. I have since become a debater with the right potential. My aim of becoming a debater only became successful after I went through a lot in my life. Persistence as said by Edison was the major source of success in my life. I have learned a lot through my experience and can now successfully achieve many of the aims that i had in

Social entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social entrepreneurship - Essay Example While this aspect may seem obvious, the distinction interests me deeply because of social entrepreneurship’s potential to produce breakthrough outputs that could solve the perennial social problems such as income disparity, monopolies and so on. We should remember that we have been under some economic systems but our world is still confronted with issues such poverty, exploitation and so forth. In the course of my studies and research in this field, I have come across a lot of business models that sought to define what constitutes business and its purpose. There has been some degree of confusion for me since it seemed logical and reasonable to follow the popular economic theories, such as those of Milton Friedman’s which place profit as the main objective of a business’ existence. This was where things got interesting because the concept of the social entrepreneur disproved some widely accepted notions, say, in terms of the stakeholders in an enterprise. For the traditional business people, the sole stakeholder in a business organization is the stockholder or the owner of the capital and that the management is working for his benefit. In social entrepreneurship, the stakeholder is not only the entrepreneur but they include the community, the employees, their clients and all the participants in the organization and its operation. The attributes cited by William Drayton, which differentiates an entrepreneur from the social entrepreneur further underscores my point: â€Å"Social entrepreneurs have the same core temperament as their industry-creating, business entrepreneur peers but instead, use their talents to solve social problems.† (Drayton, 2002) If this concept would be refined into a successful business model and integrated in the mainstream, then there is a chance of a radical positive change not just in business but in the society as well. In line with the previously mentioned â€Å"pearl† the second important point that I would like to discuss

Anomalous Resistance Behavior in Bilayer Graphene

Anomalous Resistance Behavior in Bilayer Graphene Observation of Anomalous Resistance Behavior in Bilayer Graphene Yanping Liu 1,2, Wen Siang Lew 2,*and Zongwen Liu 3,* Abstract Our measurement results have shown that bilayer graphene exhibits an unexpected sharp transition of the resistance value in the temperature region 200~250K. We argue that this behavior originates from the interlayer ripple scattering effect between the top and bottom ripple graphene layer. The inter-scattering can mimic the Coulomb scattering, but is strongly dependent on temperature. The observed behavior is consistent with the theoretical prediction that charged impurities are the dominant scatters in bilayer graphene. The resistance increase with increasing perpendicular magnetic field strongly supports the postulate that magnetic field induces an excitonic gap in bilayer graphene. Our results reveal that the relative change of resistance induced by magnetic field in the bilayer graphene shows an anomalous thermally activated property. ______________________________________ Introduction: The electronic properties of monolayer graphene have been extensively studied due to its intriguing energy band structure with linear dispersion around the Dirac point and chirality exhibiting Berry phase of [1]. There is a zero-energy Landau level (LL) with four-fold degeneracy due to interactions between electron spins and valleys in the magnetic field [2-4]. Recently, bilayer graphene became a subject of intense research due to the low energy Hamiltonian of chiral quasiparticles and a Berry phase of [5-8]. It has a double-degeneracy zero-energy Landau level that incorporates two different orbital states with the same energy under an external magnetic field. The bilayer graphene with a Bernal (A-B) configuration loses some features of monolayer graphene and has a unique band structure where the conduction and valence bands are in contact with a nearly quadratic dispersion [5]. In bilayer graphene, a parabolic band structure ( ) with an effective mass m*=0.037, has been calculated by using the interlayer coupling model [9-14]. What makes bilayer graphene an interesting material for study is that the interlayer potential asymmetry can be controlled by an electric field, thus opening an energy gap between the conduction and valence bands [16-18]. Various applications for bilayer graphene are possible due to the fact that its band gap can be modulated by using an external out-of-plane electric field and chemical doping. There is intensive research on bilayer graphene under the application of a perpendicular electric field, however, experimental reports on magnetic transport properties of bilayer graphene are not as well-studied. Recent theoretical work reports on excitonic condensation and quantum Hall ferromagnetism in bilayer graphene [22]. There are interesting features in bilayer graphene due to its extra twofold orbital degeneracy in the LL spectrum, which results in an eightfold -degenerate LL at zero energy. The scattering mechanism of graphene is current ly a subject of intense research and debate. The problem of magneto-transport properties in the presence of Coulomb impurities is still an open research problem. Our understanding of the nature of the disorder and how the mesoscopic ripple effect affects the transport properties still need improvement; hence, a better understanding on the general electric and magnetic transport properties of bilayer graphene is necessary. In this paper, we have systematically investigated the charge transport properties in bilayer graphene as a function of temperature, magnetic field, and electric field. Our measurement results have shown that bilayer graphene exhibits a semi-metallic R-T property and an unexpected sharp transition of the resistance value in the temperature region 200~250K. The longitudinal resistance decreases with increasing temperature and electric field, a behavior that is markedly different from the experimental reports of monolayer graphene. Our results reveal that the energy gap in the bilayer graphene shows an anomalous thermally activated property and increases with. We have shown that this phenomenon originates from a tuneable band structure behavior that can be controlled by a magnetic field, a property that had never previously been observed in bilayer graphene. It has been shown that Raman spectroscopy is a reliable, non-destructive tool for identifying the number of graphene layers and it can be done through the 2D-band deconvolution procedure [23-25]. The Raman spectra of our graphene structure were measured at room temperature using a WITEC CRM200 instrument at 532 nm excitation wavelength in the backscattering configuration [26-28]. Fig.1a shows the characteristic Raman spectrum with a clearly distinguishable G peak and 2D band. The two most intense features are the G peak and the 2D band which is sensitive to the number of layers of graphene. The position of the G peak and the shape of the 2D band confirm the number of layers of graphene. Additionally, the number of layers of graphene can be easily distinguished from the full width half maximum of the 2D band, as its mode changes from a narrow and symmetric feature for monolayer graphene to an asymmetric distribution on the high-energy side for bilayer graphene [27]. The 2D band inset in Fig.1a shows that the Raman spectrum of bilayer graphene is red-shifted and broadened with respect to that of the monolayer graphene. Fig. 1b shows the four terminal resistance as a function of carrier-density n, and the sample shows a pronounced peak at density . Note that the sharp peak in resistance at low n is enhanced by the opening of the small energy gap owing to disorder-induced differences in carrier density between the top and the bottom layers of the flake. We have characterized the current (I)-voltage (V) characteristics of the bilayer graphene via four-terminal measurement, at different temperatures and magnetic fields. Shown in Fig. 2a are the I-V curves for bilayer graphene under the application of various magnetic fields at three different temperatures: 2 K, 200 K and 340 K. The magnetic field is applied in the perpendicular direction to the plane of the graphene. For all the temperatures and magnetic field strengths, the bilayer graphene exhibits a linear I-V curve. This implies that the graphene layer is ohmic in nature. We observed that for a fixed magnetic field, the I-V curve displays a larger gradient at higher temperature than at lower temperature. Interestingly, the gradient of the I-V curve decreases with increasing magnetic field. In our structure, the gradient of the curve corresponds to the conductivity of the graphene layer. Such temperature and magnetic field dependent behaviour of conductivity is characteristic of an intrinsic semiconductor. The decrease in the conductivity of the bilayer graphene with increasing magnetic field is attributed to the excitonic energy gap induced by the magnetic field. This conductivity dependence on the magnetic field suggests that the resistance () of graphene is a qualitative fingerprint of its band gap. In the absence of a magnetic field, the band structure of the bilayer graphene at the Dirac valley has a parabolic dispersion relation. When a magnetic field is present, the band structure is changed to a split Landau level structure [19-21]. Fig. 2(b) is an illustration of the bilayer bandgap and Landau level splitting under the influence of a magnetic field. Inset shows an optical image of the bilayer graphene with the metal contact electrodes. In Fig.2(c) we plot the resistance of the bilayer graphene, as extracted from the I-V curve, as a function of magnetic field for three different temperatures. As the magnetic field was increased in a step of 4T, the resistance increase for each step was different, resulting in a non-linear relationship between the resistance and magnetic field. Interestingly, the observed non-line relationship is markedly different from Zeeman spin-splitting theoretical model with the line relationship, where gap with a free-electron g-factor g=2, where is the Bohr magneton. This potentially indicates sublattice symmetry breaking and gap formation due to many-body correction in this LL [32-34]. This is further confirmation that magnetic field opens an excitonic gap in the bilayer graphene. The temperature dependence of monolayer graphene resistance is mainly attributed to the different scattering mechanisms: Coulomb scattering [35-36], short range scattering [37], and phonon scattering [38-39]. However, the temperature dependence of bilayer graphene resistance has not been established yet. Shown in Fig.3a are the temperature dependence of the resistance of the bilayer graphene under the application of a magnetic field 0T and 12T, respectively. The results show that the resistance of the bilayer graphene drops following non-metallic behaviour as temperature increases from 2K to 340 K. This implies that the bilayer graphene resistors have intrinsic semiconductor properties as mentioned earlier. This can be explained by the decrease in Coulomb scattering with temperature for bilayer graphene due to its parabolic band structure. For B=12T, a similar trend as B=0T is obtained in Fig 3a, where the resistance decreases with increasing temperature. However, the resistance for the entire temperature range is much larger than for B=0T. This indicates that the magnetic field opens an excitonic gap in the bilayer graphene that is thermally activated due to the Coulomb interaction ion-driven electronic instabilities [20, 31]. Ripples are a common feature of cleaved graphene because it is never atomically flat, as it is placed on a substrate such as SiO2 in the term of nanometre-scale deformations or ripples [40-42]. Despite the magnitude of the ripples being quite small, it is still believed to be responsible for the unusual transport behaviour of graphene, also susceptible to adsorbed impurities, defects and the roughness of the underlying substrate [40-43]. On the other hand, it has been shown that suspended graphene films are corrugated on a mesoscopic scale, with out-of-plane deformations up to 1 nm [44-45]. The deformation is a typically smaller than the Fermi wavelengthand these ripples induce predominantly short-range scattering. The observed height variation shows that the surface roughness beyond the atomic-level is intrinsically present in bilayer graphene. Hence, one of the interesting features of corrugation of graphene is that it offers a new experimental opportunity to study how the corrugat ion-induced scattering impacts the transport properties of graphene. It is important to mention that there is a strange sharp threshold like decrease in resistance observed above 200K. The strong temperature dependence is inconsistent with scattering by acoustic phonons. One possible explanation is that the flexural phonons confined within ripples between the top and bottom layer causes the scattering. The presence of the ripple effect exhibits local out-of-plane ripples [44]. Theoretical calculations[41,46] show that the scattering rates for interripple flexural phonons with respect to two-phonon scattering process as, where is the flexural-phonon frequency, the derivative of the nearest-neighbour hopping integral with respect to deformation, a the lattice constant, , and the mass of carbon atom [46]. For low temperatures T () , few flexural modes can be excited inside ripples (). The conductivity of the surface roughness model at the limit at low temperature is[45-46]. As the t emperature increases and typical wavelengths become shorter, short-range scattering excites the flexural phonons. For the high temperature limit, based on the above expression, we can estimate that , which yields ~100 to 1000 at T=300K. The model of quenched-ripple disorder [46] suggested that the electron scattering of the static ripples quenched from the flexural phonon disorder can mimic Coulomb scattering when at room temperature. One should also note that the model predicts stronger temperature dependence (above a certain quenching temperature of about 100K) which is close to our experimental result at about 200K. However, the ripple effect normally leads to a rapid increase in the R-T curve rather than the sudden decrease in R-T as observed for our bilayer graphene. In the absence of a theory to explain the stronger temperature dependence behaviour, we propose that the behaviour is consistent with the ripple effect interlayer scattering instead of interlayer scattering. Fig. 3b shows the schematically illustration of scattering mechanisms in bilayer graphene. For a bilayer graphene, the interlayer scattering between the top and bottom ripple graphene layer is similar to coulomb scattering with stronger dependence on temperature. The rapid decrease in R-T above 200K can be attributed to the transition between the low- and high-T limits in the interlayer ripple effect scattering. On the other hand, it was suggested that the observed strong T dependence could be explained by thermally excited surface polar phonons of the SiO2 substrate [35-38]. The SiO2 optical phonons at the substrate-graphene interface induce an electric field which couples to the carriers in graphene due to it modulating the polarizability [38-39]. However, Coulomb scattering is dominant for bilayer graphene and the substrate surface polar phonon induced field is to some extent screened by the additional graphene layers [39]. Recently it has been shown that the substrate dielectric constant plays an important role in scattering in graphene. Theoretical predictions show that for dielectric constant , Coulomb scattering dominates, while for dielectric constant , short-range scattering dominates, as Coulomb scattering is more strongly screened for materials with a larger dielectric constant. In fact, our observed behaviour is consistent with the theory suggesting that scattering from charged impurities is dominant in graphene. We introduce a relaxation-time approximation and treat the unscreened Coulomb potential as [1,5] where Q is the charge of impurities. Based on the Boltzmann transport theory, we can obtain the bilayer graphene resistivity with massless Dirac-fermions (MDF) at low energies as. For high temperature , , we can obtain the bilayer graphene resistivity as[47], where is the density of impurities per unit volume, is the permittivity of the semiconductor, and is the charge state of the impurity. This shows that the resistance of bilayer graphene limited by Coulomb scattering increases as increases and decreases with increasing temperature. Considering the above analysis, we deduce that the temperature dependence of resistance in bilayer graphene is mainly determined by Coulomb scattering. The short-range scattering is independent of temperature for bilayer graphene, as the density-of-states, the matrix element and the screening function are all energy independent. As a result of the parab olic band structure of bilayer graphene, the energy averaging of the Coulomb scattering time can give rise to the resistivity decreasing proportionality to temperature : . Based on the above discussion, we fit the measured resistance in Fig.3a by using the following model for bilayer graphene:, where and are the resistance due to the Coulomb and short-range scatterings, respectively. Fig.3b shows the relative resistance change under the biased and unbiased magnetic field as a function of temperature, and the dotted line is the fit following the equation , where is the energy gap. The opening of the energy gap due to a potential difference between the two layers and Coulomb interactions could be a cause for this. These considerations explain qualitatively why the resistance of bilayer graphene decreases with increasing temperature. Note that the relative resistance change is a strong function of temperature. At temperatures of 2Kà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­180K and 220Kà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­250K, the relative resistance strongly increases as temperature increases, indicating that an energy gap forms due to many-body correction in Landau Level. When the temperature incr eases to T >250K, the relative resistance is roughly independent of the increasing temperature; this indicates that the energy gap is mostly stable at high temperatures. On the other hand, with the temperature increase from 180K to 220K, the relative resistance dependence of temperature shows a sharp decrease, which indicates that the energy gap shows an anomalous thermally activated behaviour as a function of temperature. For zero gate voltage (i.e., neutrality point), we measured changes in longitudinal resistance as a function of applied perpendicular field B. Fig. 4a shows the four-terminal longitudinal resistance of bilayer graphene as a function of magnetic field at T= 2K at the charge-neutrality point. We have plotted the resistance per square, because it is independent of a size effect of the sample. As seen from Fig. 4a, the resistance increases nonlinearly with the magnetic field strength followed by a plateau-like phase. One should note that the plateau-like phase in Fig. 4b disappears at higher temperatures. One possible explanation is the augmented sublattice spin-splitting due to the high surface-impurity concentration of the graphene layer [18]. The origin of the nonlinear magnetoresistance increment behaviour is the splitting of Landau level that gives rise to a bandgap opening at the zero energy level [32-34]. In our measurements, we fit our results to an analytical approximation for the non-linear resistance , where is the Boltzmann constant. We found that our results are in good agreement with this equation. These considerations explain qualitatively why the nonlinear resistance increases with the magnetic field. Fig. 5 shows the resistance of bilayer graphene as a function of electric field (E) under different magnetic fields. The dependent characteristics are symmetric due to the chirality of graphene electrons when an applied electric field changes from E to E. The normalized resistance curve describes the response under the applied magnetic field in the range of B=0T to B=12T and the temperatures of 2-340K. The results demonstrate that when the magnetic field increases from 0T to 12T at low temperatures (2à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­200K) and low electric field (E), the resistance of bilayer graphene drops significantly. The larger slump in the resistance at lower temperature T=2K and low electric field as the increasing of electric field are due to Coulomb scattering by impurities, which is a strong function of temperature. On the other hand, at high temperatures (T >200K) and electric fields (E>0.01 ), the resistance of bilayer graphene show a linear decrease. This can be explained by the scatteri ng from thermally excited surface polar phonons of the substrate being screened by the additional top graphene layers [39]. This further confirms that at high temperatures, the scattering induced by the electric field on the substrate surface polar phonons is significantly screened between top and bottom layers in bilayer graphene. In our experiment, temperature and magnetic field dependence of resistance of bilayer graphene was investigated. Intrinsic semiconductor behaviour at the range of temperature is 2K-340K was observed. The strange sharp threshold-like decrease in resistance around 200K is unexpected, and we attribute it to the presence of mesoscopic ripples between the top and bottom layer. Our results reveal that the energy gap in the bilayer graphene is thermally dependent. This potentially indicates the sublattice symmetry breaking and an energy gap formation due to Landau Level splits. The obtained results are important for the better understanding of magnetic field induced high resistance and provide indications of a theoretically predicted magnetic field induced excitonic gap. Acknowledgements Y. L would like to thank Prof. Wang and Prof. Yao for his useful discussions. This work was supported in part by the NRF-CRP program (Multifunctional Spintronic Materials and Devices) and the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) SERC grant (082 101 0015). The authors thank Sun Li and Li Yuanqing for their assistance in experimental measurements. Experimental section The bilayer graphene samples for this study were prepared using mechanical exfoliation techniques [2] from the bulk highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (grade ZYA, SPI Supplies) and transferred onto the surface of a lightly doped silicon substrate covered with a 300-nm thick layer of thermally grown , The doped silicon substrate and were used as back-gate and gate dielectric, respectively. Graphene electrical electrodes were patterned using photolithography techniques. A pair of ohmic Cr/Au (5nm/100nm) contacts were deposited via thermal evaporation at a background pressure of 10à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­7 mbar and subsequently lifted off in warm acetone. Electronic transport measurements have been carried out on multiple samples, using PPMS (Quantum Design) with a fixed excitation current of 10 . Electrical measurements were performed in the temperature range 2K ~340K and a magnetic field up to 12T was applied. In order to enhance electrical transport, the sample was cleaned in situ by the mag netic and electric field. Four-terminal electrical measurements were used for transport characterization. References          Geim, A. K.; Novoselov, K. S, The rise of graphene. Nature Materials 2007, 6, 183-91. Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Dubonos, S. V.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Firsov, A. A., Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 2004, 306, 666-9. Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang, D.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Grigorieva, I. M.; Dubonos, S. V.; Firsov, A. A., Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. Nature 2005, 438 , 197-200. Novoselov, K. S.; Jiang, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Morozov, S. V.; Stormer, H. L.; Zeitler, U.; Maan, J. C.; Boebinger, G. S.; Kim, P.; Geim, A. K., Room-Temperature Quantum Hall Effect in Graphene. Science 2007, 1137201. Peres, N. M. R., The electronic properties of graphene and its bilayer. 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S., Determination of the gate-tunable band gap and tight-binding parameters in bilayer graphene using infrared spectroscopy. Physical Review B 2009, 80, 165406. Morozov, S. V.; Novoselov, K. S.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Schedin, F.; Elias, D. C.; Jaszczak, J. A.; Geim, A. K., Giant intrinsic carrier mobilities in graphene and its bilayer. Physical Review Letters 2008, 100 (1). Barlas, Y; Cote, R.; Nomura, K.; MacDonald, A. H., Inter-Landau-level cyclotron resonance in bilayer graphene. Physical Review Letters 2008, 101 (9). KrsticÃÅ' , V; Obergfell, D.; Hansel, S.; Rikken, G. L. J. A.; Blokland, J. H.; Ferreira, M. S.; Roth, S., Grapheneà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Metal Interface: Two-Terminal Resistance of Low-Mobility Graphene in High Magnetic Fields. Nano Letters 2008, 8 (6), 1700-1703. Bisti, V. E.; Kirova, N. N., Charge Density Excitations in Bilayer Graphene in High Magnetic Field. Jetp Lett. 2009, 90 (2), 120-123. Nomura, K; MacDonald, A. H. Physical Review Letters2006, 96, (25), 256602. 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X., Graphene thickness determination using reflection and contrast spectroscopy. Nano Letters 2007, 7, 2758-63. Zhang, C. H.; Joglekar, Y. N. Physical Review B 2008, 77, (23), 233405. Ezawa, M., Intrinsic Zeeman effect in graphene. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 2007, 76 (9). Barlas, Y.; Cà ´tà ©, R.; Nomura, K.; MacDonald, A. H. Physical Review Letters

Destroying Your Health By Smoking Cigarettes :: Argumentative Persuasive Example Essays

Destroying Your Health By Smoking Cigarettes If you really want to ruin your health then smoking cigarettes is one of the best ways I know how to do it. Smoking cigarettes cause lung cancer, emphysema, and the one thing that most people notice right off hand is bad breath. If you are into destroying your health, I want you to follow these step so that you can be on your way to an unhappy and unhealthy life, number one buy the cigarettes, number two smoke them, and number three this one is really important never ever quit smoking. I have found that most people who want to destroy themselves quickly will smoke a no filtered brand of cigarettes, so let say you picked out the brand Pallmall-Reds. I understand these are one of the strongest brands of cigarettes you can buy. Yes, there are plenty of other brands of cigarettes out there but why bother going threw all that money to pick the right one when you can take my word on it? These are really strong cigarettes. How do I know, because take one out and look at it, you will notice that there is no filter on the end of it. Due to no filter you will get none of the toxins filtered Without filtering out some of the toxins you will destroy yourself quicker; that is the goal we are seeking, is it not? Lets take out one of our friends (we will call them that to be funny) and look at it. It is about five to six inches in length, maybe a half inch wide with little brown things that look somewhat like coffee grounds inside a thin white paper cylinder. Smell it, a significant number of people actually enjoy the way tobacco products smell, but they will not smoke them. I myself find that ominously odd. Now smoking the cigarette is very important. If you do not smoke it you will not reach your goal to destroy your health. So let us begin with the lighting of the cigarette. Place the cigarette in your mouth, just the tip of it. Do not bother with looking to put the filtered end in your mouth, because if you remember there is no filter on is brand of cigarette. After you have placed our friend in your mouth you will need to tilt your head. Tilting is something most people do when â€Å"lighting up," this process is what majority of people do. Now when you tilt your head it really does not make a difference

Alternative Medicine And Placebo Effect Health And Social Care Essay

Alternate medical specialty is going more widely used, particularly in the United States wellness attention system and it is suggested that more than 80 % of the universe ‘s population usage complementary and alternate medical specialties ( CAMs ) ( Mainardi, Kapoor & A ; Bielory, 2009 ) . In 2000, a BBC study into the usage of CAM in the United Kingdom showed that one fifth of population had used some signifier of CAM in that twelvemonth ( Ernst & A ; White, 2000 ) . Alternate medical specialty takes the signifier of many methods. There are five chief classs of CAM which include ; alternate medical systems, biologically based therapies, manipulative therapies, mind-body theories and energy therapies ( Mainardi, Kapoor & A ; Bielory, 2009 ) . The most popular therapies in 2000 were osteopathy, chiropractic, stylostixis, homoeopathy and hypnotherapy ( Ernst & A ; White, 2000 ) . The term â€Å" placebo consequence † is normally used in the literature, but a consistent definition is yet to be agreed on ( Brinkhaus, Pach, Ludtke & A ; Willich, 2008 ) . The Latin definition of the word â€Å" placebo † means â€Å" I will delight † ( Niggemann, & A ; Gruber, 2006 ) which can be described as a positive curative result, happening after intercession of a physiological or psychological response ( Williamson & A ; Rankin-Box, 2009 ) , and can be dominated by ends, desires, outlooks and associated emotions ( Teixeira, Guedes, Barreto & A ; Martins, 2010 ) . The placebo consequence can be described as a neurophsyiological phenomenon ( Campbell, 2000 ) , and by looking at different illustrations of alternate medical specialty, the biological and psychological accounts of the consequence can be explored.AcupunctureAcupuncture is an ancient signifier of health care and focuses on handling unwellness through stimulation of the organic structure Ã¢â‚¬Ë œs self-healing powers ( Williamson & A ; Rankin-Box, 2009 ) . Acupuncture is based on ancient Chinese medical specialty and works to equilibrate the energy flow, â€Å" qi † , in the human organic structure by infixing acerate leafs into specific points on organic structure called â€Å" acupoints † which are located along â€Å" acmes † , which are the waies of energy in the organic structure ( Goddard, Shen, Steele & A ; Springer, 2005 ) . The effects of stylostixis on hurting can ensue in physiological and/or psychological responses of the organic structure, but grounds suggests there are biological foundations in this therapy ( Lundeberg, & A ; Stener-Victorin, 2002 ) . By looking at grounds for statements from a biological and psychological position, one can discourse the use of the placebo consequence in this type of alternate medical specialty. Biological Position Surveies utilizing antielectron emanation imaging ( PET ) and functional magnetic resonance imagination ( functional magnetic resonance imaging ) have demonstrated some biological grounds for the usage of stylostixis, proposing that there is more to the therapy than merely a curative consequence ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) . This can be explained by the activation of certain encephalon countries in the cardinal nervous system ( Goddard et al. , 2005 ) . With the usage of functional magnetic resonance imaging and PET scans, there is grounds that when specific points on the organic structure are subjected to acupuncture, there is activation in specific parts of the encephalon. This allows one to distinguish between existent stylostixis and outlook ( Lewith, White & A ; Pariente, 2005 ) , demoing that stylostixis does hold a biological account. The limbic system may besides be involved in the emotional production of laughter and shouting which is common in stylostixis ( Campbell, 2000 ) . Evidence demoing that there is inactivation of the amygdaloid nucleus and hypothalamus during stylostixis, implies that there is a specific function for the limbic system in stylostixis therapy ( Hui, Marina, Liu, Rosen & A ; Kwong, 2010 ) . Hui et Al. ‘s ( 2010 ) work supports the biological foundations in the usage of stylostixis, but besides recognises the of import function of emotion in the therapy, which would supply grounds for the use of the placebo consequence. Lundeberg and Stener-Victorin ( 2002 ) emphasis the importance of biological deductions in effects of stylostixis. They describe how the physiological stimulations of musculus contractions and certain organ maps are similar to effects of exercising, i.e. the release of endogenous opiods and Pitocin in both stylostixis and exercising ( Lundeberg, & A ; Stener-Victorin, 2002 ) . Lundeberg ‘s earlier survey with Andersson ( 1995 ) besides found that stylostixis excites the same receptors and afferent nervus fibers in the stirred tissue as in physical exercising ( Andersson & A ; Lundeberg, 1995 ) . Psychological Position Acupuncture is based on the organic structure ‘s self-healing powers ( Williamson & A ; Rankin-Box, 2009 ) , so there is ground to reason whether stylostixis effects are merely a psychological ( placebo ) response with small biological account ( Enck, Klosterhalfen & A ; Zipfel, 2010 ) . Goddard et Al. ( 2005 ) depict how the placebo consequence is utilised in therapy, non merely by the esthesis of the needle, but chiefly the attending, compassionate attention, self-awareness and transition of outlooks involved in the process ( Goddard et al. , 2005 ) . Expectation is a cardinal facet of non lone stylostixis, but many other types of alternate medical specialty. Astin et Al. ( 1998 ) conducted a reappraisal into why people use CAM and found that the chief grounds were ; the patient ‘s deficiency of response to conventional intervention, the patient ‘s petition, belief in efficaciousness and fewer inauspicious effects ( Astin, Marie, Pelletier, Hansen, & A ; Haskell, 1998 ) . It is the belief and outlook of utilizing alternate medical specialties which demonstrates grounds for the placebo consequence, and it is the people with high outlooks about the effects of stylostixis who show more response than those who do non believe in the intervention ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) . This psychological factor is of import in stylostixis as the effectivity of the intervention and reconstructing the natural flow of critical energy ( Hui et al. , 2010 ) involves bodily centripetal stimulation ( Andersson & A ; Lundberg, 1995 ) and if the patient does non believe in the procedure, they will non experience the same effects ( Goddard et al. , 2005 ) . Other facets of the therapy involve the attending and interaction between the patient and healer. A reappraisal into the increased usage of CAM in the UK showed that one of the factors forcing patients off from conventional wellness attention is the dissatisfaction of the patient-doctor relationship, which attracts people to a more holistic method where the intervention was more individualized ( Little, 2009 ) i.e. in alternate medical specialty. The individualized, manual scrutiny agencies increased communicating between the patient and healer and this societal communicating can be in the signifier of touch. The psychological importance of touch plays a cardinal function in stylostixis and the patient ‘s experience consequences in feelings of improved self-image, increased self-worth and well-being. These positive feelings are what patients base their beliefs about the effectivity of stylostixis on and believe their organic structure is mending ( Campbell, 2000 ) . This shows how alternate medical specialty utilises the placebo consequence where it is the patient ‘s belief that has the greatest impact on the efficiency of the therapy. The ambiance involved in alternate medical specialty plays a function in the result, and consequences show that when patients carry out their ain stylostixis after being taught the process, they report that their ain attempts are less successful than when the healer provides the attention ( Campbell, 2000 ) . This demonstrates once more the importance of psychological factors which provides grounds for the usage of the placebo consequence.HomeopathyHomeopathy falls under the alternate medical systems class of alternate medical specialty ( Mainardi, Kapoor & A ; Bielory, 2009 ) and can be defined as â€Å" a curative method utilizing readyings of substances whose effects when administered to healthy topics correspond to the use of the upset ( symptoms, clinical marks, pathological provinces ) in the single patient † ( Swayne, 2002, cited in Ernst, 2005 ) . It is a widely used type of alternate medical specialty and uses the basic premiss that â€Å" like is cured by like † ( Shang et al. , 2005 ) . Homeopathic medical specialty is used with the purpose of exciting a individual ‘s innate capacity for self-regulation and self-healing ( Weatherley-Jones, Thompson & A ; Thomas, 2004 ) . By researching the biological and psychological grounds, one can understand the use of the placebo consequence in this type of alternate medical specialty. Biological Position Homeopathic medical specialty can be used to supervise internal fluctuations via centripetal feedback through splanchnic or bodily perceptual experience, and patients interpret their feelings as positive or more negative emotional feelings ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) . This shows support for the biological position for utilizing alternate medical specialty, where patients construe how their internal organic structure province feels, which consequences in the healing procedure. Thompson ( 2010 ) looked into the usage of alternate medical specialty in menopausal adult females and chest malignant neoplastic disease subsisters, and provides grounds that reveals an association between intervention of homeopathic medical specialty and betterment of symptoms and quality of life for the patients ( Thompson, 2010 ) . Thompson discussed the clinical benefits of homoeopathy and concluded that the benefits can non be explained by the hypothesis that the therapy is merely a placebo consequence ( Thompson, 2010 ) . This grounds supports the impression that there is biological grounds behind homoeopathy, nevertheless, compared to acupuncture, there is significantly less grounds for this type of alternate medical specialty. Psychological Position Homeopathy is similar to acupuncture in the manner that the non-specific curative effects of the doctor-patient relationship, the personal intervention and deficiency of inauspicious effects all contribute to making positive outlooks of the therapy ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) . This relationship between outlook and the consequences of therapy provides grounds that this type of alternate medical specialty uses the placebo consequence, by trusting on patients ‘ beliefs that the therapy will work. Therapists might utilize techniques to reenforce these beliefs by utilizing verbal suggestions during the intervention and making a suited environment. The patient-therapist relationship plays a cardinal function in homeopathic therapy, and the healer can organize powerful confederations with their patients by sharing strong beliefs ( Shang et al. , 2005 ) . Homeopathy is a holistic method and focal points on handling the whole individual, so making non-therapeutic effects will heighten the patients ‘ beliefs that the therapy is mending them. It is besides the belief that the physicians understand the unwellness and the effects of the intervention that enhances the patients ‘ outlooks that the methods will work and therefore will increase their opportunities of recovery ( Margo, 1999 ) . Developing trust and strong relationships could take clip to organize, but over clip patients go more confident in the therapy, which consequences in new beliefs about wellness, unwellness and the organic structure being formed ( Barry, 2006 ) ( Weatherley-Jones, Thompson & A ; Thomas, 2004 ) . The grounds shows how the placebo consequence is utilised in homoeopathy by working towards a positive curative result ( Williamson & A ; Rankin-Box, 2009 ) , and maintained by developing patients ‘ outlooks of the alternate methods of intervention. Research has suggested that many scientists think that the usage and effects of homoeopathy violates natural Torahs and some conclude that any clinical consequence must be a placebo consequence ( Linde et al. , 1997 ) ( Niggemann & A ; Gruber, 2006 ) . However, one must take into consideration that this is simply another manner of looking at the grounds, and there is support for viing theories.To What Extent Does Alternative Medicine Utilise the Placebo Effect?By critically looking into the biological and psychological facets of stylostixis and homoeopathy, the extent to which the placebo consequence is utilised in these methods can be generalised to other types of alternate medical specialty. In footings of the grounds for both sta tements, stylostixis shows valid grounds that there is a biological footing back uping the therapy and surveies utilizing functional magnetic resonance imaging and PET scans have shown that specific encephalon countries are activated when specific acupoints are stimulated ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) ( Goddard et al. , 2005 ) ( Lewith, White & A ; Pariente, 2005 ) . Homeopathy besides has a biological footing behind the therapy and research has shown an association between homeopathic intervention and positive effects on patients ‘ wellness and quality of life ( Thompson, 2010 ) . There is a important sum of psychological support for the usage of alternate medical specialty, chiefly because alternate medical specialty is a move off from conventional medical specialty. A motivation for increased usage of alternate medical specialty develops when there is a deficiency of response to conventional intervention. The usage of CAM is prevailing in patients with Alzheimer ‘s disease, multiple induration, malignant neoplastic disease, A back jobs, anxiousness, concerns, and chronic hurting ( Astin et al. , 1998 ) , where there is no specific medical intervention. Astin et Al. ( 1998 ) predict that as the general population ages, the incidence of chronic unwellnesss will besides increase, which will take to increased usage of such interventions ( Astin et al. , 1998 ) . Other facets of the effectivity of such interventions are linked to the psychological experience involved. The ambiance, the patient-therapist relationship ( Barry, 2006 ) ( Weatherley-Jones, Thompson & A ; Thomas, 2004 ) ( Little, 2009 ) ( Campbell, 2000 ) and the outlooks of the results of alternate therapies ( Shang et al. , 2005 ) ( Margo, 1999 ) ( Teixeira et al. , 2010 ) ( Goddard et al. , 2005 ) are all key in both stylostixis and homoeopathy, which all contribute to the use of the placebo consequence. In decision, holding demonstrated the biological and psychological statements for the usage of the placebo consequence in stylostixis and homoeopathy, one can generalize to alternate medical specialty as a whole and say that the placebo consequence plays an of import function in the effectivity of these signifiers of interventions. There has been a high degree of research into the usage of alternate medical specialties, and although CAMs are widely used across the universe, there are few empirical surveies looking into the safety and efficiency of such interventions ( Tilburt et al. , 2009 ) . This is because alternate medical specialty plants by handling the individual as a whole, and efficiency of such methods rely on outlooks and belief on portion of the patient. This, hence, supports the impression that the placebo consequence plays a important function in the sensed result of alternate processs.Word count – 1959 words

Submarine Escape Procedures

Michael Menor Professor Cady English 151 25 February 2013 Submarine Escape Procedures There are many catastrophes that can affect the operation of a submarine; fire and flooding can crimple a submarine completely if either is not resolved quickly. Submariners are trained to combat all forms of fire and flooding in different scenarios that are closely monitored in Submarine School. As a last resort, sailors are also trained in submarine escape in the very rare occasion that they must escape from the ship.Submarine escape is only effective at depths less than 600 feet; escape any greater depth would be impossible. Michael Menor deployed with two nuclear fast-attack submarines; the USS Santa Fe and the USS Albuquerque; during his four and a half year enlistment in the United States Navy. He is well versed in submarine escape and hopes that this will give you an understanding on how to escape from the depths of the sea. Every ship is equipped with two escape trunks, or hatches as some ma y call it; one forward and aft, both of which have similar dimensions and operation procedures.Each trunk is able to hold two escape personnel. The Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment; also known as a SEIE Suit; is a last resort option if a Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle, or DSRV is unable to save personnel from a disabled submarine. The suit is a single piece construction capable of controlling pressure to prevent decompression sickness, or â€Å"the bends†, which is a side effect of rapidly ascending from ocean depths. Each suit is also equipped with a life boat that is contained within a pouch attached to the left hip.Familiarity with the escape hatch valves is not required; all operations are handled by personnel from within the ship. For the purposes of this procedure we will call these personnel â€Å"Supervisors,† since they are usually experienced supervisory personnel with the knowledge of operating the escape hatch. Depending on where the casualty, is you w ill always want to choose the escape trunk that is not in the affected compartment. Whether it is flooding in the forward compartment; your escape will be in the aft escape trunk in the Engine Room. The same pplies to a casualty in the aft compartment; your escape will be via the forward escape trunk. During this procedure you will be performing all actions from within the forward escape trunk. On the rare occasion that submarine personnel are not able to stop flooding in the engine room that leaves the ship sinking into the depths, and laid to rest on a sea shelf 500 feet below the surface. You will then need to don a SEIE suit by placing both feet into the suit and taking the zipper, which is placed on the outer side of the left leg and pulling this up until it is at your belly button.As you would put on a coat; place both arms into each sleeve equipped with rubber gloves and flip the hood onto your head. You must then pull on the zipper, which continues upwards centered on your c hest, and up to the hood. One common issue that can occur is the zipper getting stuck, or feeling as if it will not budge—remember that it was designed to keep water out of the suit—if this happens you will need to request the assistance of someone else.Now that you have the suit on you will need to make your way to the escape hatch ladder and climb into the 6 foot cylindrical space, which is only designed to hold two escape personnel; the two of you will be standing directly across from each other with your backs against the bulkhead. There is a charging hose attached to the left arm of your suit, attach this hose to the charging manifold on the bulkhead (wall) located to your left; the charging hose will inflate your suit to create a bubble barrier between you and the outside pressures of the ocean.Remember this is your source of oxygen, so continuing to keep the charging hose connected during your time in the escape hatch is crucial. As your suits are being charged please keep your feet away from the lower hatch as the Supervisors begin close and seal it. Once it is confirmed sealed a rush of water will begin to flood the hatch. Due to the buoyancy of your inflated suit you will begin to float; do not let this happen. To prevent this there is a handle to your right that you will be able to use to maintain your grip and keep you anchored safely.Supervisors will then pressurize the hatch to match the outside pressure outside of the hull. The first person that entered hatch will be the first one to escape; once the hatch is clear the second person will wait 30 seconds and follow to prevent getting entangled with one another. Since you are the lucky one to enter first, you will get to escape first. Supervisors will open the upper hatch; continue to maintain your grip until the upper hatch has reached its fully opened and locked position. Supervisors will use a wrench or hammer to knock on the lower hatch three times.This will give you the signal t hat the upper hatch is clear and you can escape. Release your grip from both the handle and the charging manifold. Allow the suit to take over as its positive buoyancy lifts you out of the hatch and upwards to the surface. The suit is designed to maintain proper atmospheric pressure for your safety during the ascent; as you will be traveling about 30 feet per second. Upon reaching the surface ensure that you are floating on your back, while in this position you need to reach into the pouch on your left hip and remove the life raft; pull on the yellow handle and allow the raft to self-inflate.Once inflated pull yourself onto the raft; during this time you can unzip the hood of your suit. The raft comes equipped with a drogue, water desalination kit, and equipment such as smoke signals, and flares to assist with your rescue. Congratulations on your successful escape; now you will wait for rescue personnel to find you and the others from your ship. At the surface it is highly recommend ed to regroup with other personnel from the ship and tie your rafts together. This will create a larger object for rescuers to spot during their search.

Death of a Salesman Review

Death of a Salesman Review Free Online Research Papers Willy Loman’s death was caused by his inability to face reality and could have been avoided if he and his family had been honest with themselves regarding their shortcomings. Instead, they lived in a world of denial, which spawned additional lies. Willy’s character deficiencies, moral indiscretions, and inability to differentiate past from present created nearly all of the family’s issues and led to his demise. Willy Loman is a man with two distinct personalities. The first personality lives in the present where he is a broken man in his early sixties, who feels he is more valuable to his family dead than alive. Willy is nearly unable to tell the truth about any part of his life. He is also a horrible husband, who has been unfaithful to his wife Linda and routinely responds to her with anger. Willy is ineffective as a salesman who has been stripped of his salary and eventually he is fired. Lastly, Willy is a proud man, too proud to accept a job working for Charley, but that does not keep him from borrowing his money each week while telling Linda that he earned it selling his wares. The second personality is living fifteen years ago, believing that he and his family are bound for greatness. One recurring flashback involves Willy’s son Biff when he was a high school football star. Most of these flashbacks involve his recently deceased brother Ben, who achieved all the success that Willy desires for himself. The effect of these two personalities was extremely apparent and painful for Willy’s family. One moment Willy would fondly recall Biff’s football career and then criticizes him for his inability to hold a job, the next minute. In end, Biff began to understand his own problems and attempted to explain that he was a â€Å"phony.† Willy could not recognize or grasp Biff’s realization, due to his inability to separate the present from the past. Further moral and character traits about Willy Loman include his unquenchable desire to excel in business, at any cost. He views business success as one of the significant barometers of for a man. Willy would boast about his sales or his wonderful sons, like most everything else he said, these stories were fabrications. Lastly, Willy was afraid to face reality and in the end, he showed exactly how cowardly he was, by committing suicide. Willy Loman’s decisions caused terrible pain in the lives of his family. The best example was when Biff was failing mathematics in high school. His teacher, and Bernard the neighbor, constantly reminded Biff of how serious this situation could be to his future. Biff did not change his habits and the teacher failed him. Willy did not force Biff to take summer school and Biff did not graduate. Willy did not help Biff to understand the ramifications of his actions and Biff struggled to find work as an adult. Research Papers on Death of a Salesman ReviewHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionStandardized TestingCapital PunishmentArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andHip-Hop is ArtHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay

The Contrast of French and Spanish Missionaries. This essay is a detailed research paper based on the topic above. It also includes a MLA Format Work Cited Page.

The Contrast of French and Spanish Missionaries. This essay is a detailed research paper based on the topic above. It also includes a MLA Format Work Cited Page. The Contrast of French and Spanish Missionaries"Ethical religion can be real only to those who are engaged in ceaseless efforts at moral improvement. By moving upward we acquire faith in an upward movement, without limit." (Felix Adler (1851-1933), American educator)Since the beginning of colonial expansion, the missionaries believed in the divine right to evangelize the natives in the new world. By converting the natives the missionaries believed that they will reach eternal salvation. However, the missionaries' methods were split into two different prospective. The Spaniards believed in the concept of control by force and the French believed in conversion through negotiation and sincerer affection. The relationships shared between these missionaries and the Native Americans were an essential part of successful evangelization.During the Spanish colonization and expansionism the monarch funded the churches to sear out possible evangelization and development of ecclesiastical establis hments in the new world. The monarchs believed that the conversion to the Christian creed in the new world would be the stepping stone to establishing unionized Christianity, in the Spaniards case it was the preservation of Catholic creed.English: Ely S. Parker, Native American civil engi...One of the areas which the Spanish missionaries hoped to find opportunity of evangelization was in New Mexico. There they found the villages of Pueblo Indians. According to Winthrop S. Hudson, the Franciscans portrayed them selves as a superior and wonder-works in order to get the respect as authorities from the Indians by staging dramatic plays in which the Indian greets the priest by kissing his feet. Byacquiring authority over them it made the processes of creating a strict flame work of Christian moral behavior easier to force onto the Pueblos. They believed that through monitoring and accommodations of their behavior it will reach their soul. These modifications were made especially in sexua l behaviors and marriage.

A Brief On Paul Czanne

A Brief On Paul Czanne Essay Paul CÃÆ' ©zanne was born in Aix-en-Provence, a small town south of France. As a young boy, CÃÆ' ©zannes passions lay in his poetry and his friends, including Emile Zola Preble 402. CÃÆ' ©zanne is included in the time of the Post-Impressionists. CÃÆ' ©zanne wanted to make Impressionism into something solid and enduring like the art of museums Preble 401. CÃÆ' ©zanne did not have a typical, as I define as friendly, relationship with his father. CÃÆ' ©zanne had some problems with his father. CÃÆ' ©zannes father wanted for CÃÆ' ©zanne to be a lawyer. His father had sent him to a college for lawyers but CÃÆ' ©zanne was coaxed otherwise by his friend Zola her moved to Paris Preble 402. CÃÆ' ©zannes father had bought the Jas de Bouffan, which would be the place that CÃÆ' ©zanne did many of his works Rewald 21. The Jas de Bouffan would be their residence for over a half a century. In one of CÃÆ' ©zannes paintings of their residence he omits people and animals that, like in most of his paintings, would disrupt the unchanging features of the scene Murphy 150. CÃÆ' ©zannes father was always in a struggle with his son. His father was one that could not comprehend anyone being able to be successful in anything that did not make him or her rich. One thing that his father had to be able to recognize was that his son had determination, but his father was utterly blind in seeing his sons talent Rewald 35. When CÃÆ' ©zannes father died, CÃÆ' ©zanne spoke of him as a genius for leaving him an income of 25,000 francs Murphy 123. CÃÆ' ©zanne married his 12-year affair Hortense Fiquet. A few months after their marriage, CÃÆ' ©zannes father died. Hortense was not welcome at the Jas de Bouffan by CÃÆ' ©zannes mother and sister. People say that his mother and sister banned her from the house and they were in a rage of giving her too much money Murphy 117. CÃÆ' ©zannes sister, Marie, was the one that encouraged the marriage, even though she disliked Hortense, in hope that in would lift the spirits of her brother. Hortense and CÃÆ' ©zanne did not along very well Rewald 125. Even after their marriage, CÃÆ' ©zanne had no thought about living the Jas or his other and sister. CÃÆ' ©zanne thought that 16,000 francs, which were her share, was all that she needed Rewald 125. Emile Zola was Pauls best friend. CÃÆ' ©zanne and Zola were attracted by their shared interest in literary movements and artists. Zola and CÃÆ' ©zanne played an important role in each others life with Zola helping start CÃÆ' ©zannes art career and CÃÆ' ©zanne helping Zola to start thinking about pictorial art Murphy 14. CÃÆ' ©zanne at one point thought he could write and some of his works are found in his letters to Zola: Dark, thick unwelcome mist covers me up; The sun withdraws its last handful of diamonds Murphy 14. Zola was a very important person on telling the history of CÃÆ' ©zanne. However, their friendship had its rocky times and its breakup by Zola. Zola  can recall the complete disorder of CÃÆ' ©zannes studio Rewald 62. Zola tells us how CÃÆ' ©zanne rarely swept the interior of his studio for fear that the dust would disrupt his works. CÃÆ' ©zanne based his work on the observation of nature and used separate strokes that were visible to make rich surfaces Preble 400. CÃÆ' ©zanne tried counting on the connection between adjacent strokes of color to show the entirety of the form and the space decreasing. In CÃÆ' ©zannes The Saint Victoire from Bellevue we can see how CÃÆ' ©zanne uses this technique to show space and depth from a flat plane. CÃÆ' ©zanne likes to make alterations on nature and enlarge the mountain; CÃÆ' ©zanne also makes spatiality more clear and distinct than the actual photographs of the motifs Loran 125. CÃÆ' ©zanne seemed to be obsessed by this mountain and somewhat exaggerated the size of it in every one of his paintings Murphy 154. In another view of this, entitled Mont Saint-Victoire, CÃÆ' ©zanne uses the tree to show height by extending it the entire length of the canvas. CÃÆ' ©zanne utilizes color contrasts to show depth playing with cool and warm color shifts Schapi ro 66. CÃÆ' ©zanne painted this scene at least 60 times from every possible angle. READ: Walt Whitman the poet of American inclusion EssayCÃÆ' ©zanne had a very distinct style of painting. To move out of the style of the broken-color of the Impressionists, CÃÆ' ©zanne created the system of modulating the colors from a volume of cool to warm or light to dark. He made a series of steps Loran 25. As the colors begin to overlap they are creating a three-dimensional image. CÃÆ' ©zanne very seldom ever made a line around his paintings Loran 26. CÃÆ' ©zanne would make the lines virtually disappear off the edge thus creating more volume. This would make CÃÆ' ©zannes paintings pass to the negative or the background Loran 26. This technique can be seen in CÃÆ' ©zannes Still Life with Apples, a Bottle, and a Milk Pot Rewald 253. In this painting we are able to see the way CÃÆ' ©zanne literally escapes the use of encompassing lines. CÃÆ' ©zanne loses the edges in this painting producing an image of it pass into the background. Let us return to the color modulation that CÃÆ' ©zanne created. Color balance was one final aim for CÃÆ' ©zanne. CÃÆ' ©zannes light sources are moderately consistent and his shadows are a very important element to his color Loran 28. CÃÆ' ©zanne was known to work on several canvases at one time changing from one to the other depending on the time of day or the location of the sun. One of his paintings that express this color balance is Chestnut Trees and Farmhouse at the Jas de Bouffan Rewald 150. In this painting CÃÆ' ©zanne is also building on the volumes, which leads us to the next perspective on his work. CÃÆ' ©zanne used lines to create planes, but he used planes to create volume. If every artist can agree on one thing, it is that CÃÆ' ©zanne achieved volume Loran 27. In CÃÆ' ©zannes The Quarry Called Bibemus, the volume is accentuated.  CÃÆ' ©zanne relies on warm-to-cold contrasts and overlapping forms to give the volume instead of linear and aerial perspective Murphy 81. The color contrast between the bright green tree and the orange rock make the space perfectly clear without the use of lines Loran 71. CÃÆ' ©zanne had problems with perspective. In his Road to Gardanne, CÃÆ' ©zanne drastically changes the scene in order to organize space. CÃÆ' ©zanne compresses the size of the foreground and makes the road with a sharper turn. CÃÆ' ©zanne also reduces the size of the trees immensely, but increases the size of the bridge immensely Loran 48. This same technique is also used in Mardi Gras and Harlequin. This is one of his monumental works in which he struggles with his space organization. His son, Paul, posed for the paintings as Harlequin Murphy 108. In this photo CÃÆ' ©zanne shows his struggle of space by adding sections to the plane. We can see a crinkle in the canvas area of the ankle and toe of Harlequin. CÃÆ' ©zanne also caused distortions in his paintings that were merely accidental. Due to the fact that CÃÆ' ©zanne would still be scheming his paintings distortion was often made Loran 29. We can see this in his artwork entitled Women Bathers Schapiro 117. We can see in this painting how the head of one of the women is distorted and somewhat absent from the painting. His distortion was sometimes just considered a lack of dexterity and manual skill, which he later mastered. It is said that because CÃÆ' ©zanne had not reduced himself to simple abstract shapes there were distortions. He was still trying to capture the realistic look by smudging and smearing Loran 95. The paintings distortion can also be explained by the fact that he did all canvases at one time which did not allow him much accuracy on the human figure. Much distortion can be seen in the painting of another Bathers Rewald 87. In this painting, the bathers can not even be distinguished without reading the name. READ: Dead Poets Society - John Keating EssayIn CÃÆ' ©zannes LEstaque, CÃÆ' ©zanne is showing how he unifies the foreground and background of some of his paintings Schapiro 63. Unlike the original picture of this scene where the foreground and background are clearly separate, CÃÆ' ©zannes paintings unify hem into one, so that they merge to look continuous with one another. CÃÆ' ©zanne is losing the aerial perspective that is held highly among the Impressionists Loran 106.

Ramifications of working abroad (Hong Kong). What can you do to make Research Paper

Ramifications of working abroad (Hong Kong). What can you do to make it worthwhile - Research Paper Example Leaving one’s own country and relocating to another place and calling it as the new and adopted homeland is indeed a Herculean task because it involves renewed networking possibilities and the eventual myth of getting failed and then coming back to the earlier home nonetheless. It is indeed something that poses as a risk if seen within the correct settings and my case has been no different. When I contemplate the kind of risks that I am about to undertake, I think of both the positives and negatives and then I weigh them to find out which pan is heavier of the two. I have always believed in taking risks throughout my life but it is the calculated risk that I am always banking upon rather than shooting in the dark which does not bring down any success for any one. If I move to Hong Kong, I would have to forego all my personal and professional ties that have been built with the passage of time within the United States (Whalen, 2011). This would mean that my journey will start fr om scratch as far as Hong Kong is concerned. It shall be a new home for me and hence a totally new and revitalizing experience. ... One has to look after so many aspects that it seems like a very arduous task in entirety. Moving ahead, I need to compare each and everything with what I am getting in the United States. This puts me in a direct comparison with what I shall receive within Hong Kong and how I will muster up enough confidence to get myself and my family to the new country and start life afresh. It would mean that I compare each and everything in a very one on one basis, and find out where I am going wrong and what positives and negatives remain for me in the long run scheme of things. There is just so much for me to fathom that I feel I might be lost somewhere in the middle. I need to consider the salary issues which will keep coming every month as far as my job domains are concerned (Sibeck, 2011). Also the fact that I need to find a space for myself and my family is one of the most difficult tasks that I have to undertake at this point in time. It will tell me exactly where I stand as far as making t his relocation decision towards Hong Kong. In essence all my comparisons would be done with the United States because this is the country that will bid farewell to. I shall consider the case of transportation within Hong Kong and how much is it of a hassle to move from one place to another. I will study the amount of traffic there is within Hong Kong and what I would need to do to move from one suburb to another. These are some of the salient aspects that I shall be comparing on a persistent basis between where I am living currently (United States) and where I intend shifting to (Hong Kong). If only I am able to find all these answers within the

Investing In Early Developing Country with One of the 500 Fortune Research Paper

Investing In Early Developing Country with One of the 500 Fortune Companies - Research Paper Example The aspect of globalization was the core consideration with regard to the type of company selected. Since I was more inclined to a service company particularly in the baking and financial services sector, I settled on Capital One Financial, which is a reputed banking corporation with a global presence as well as being among the fortune 500 companies. Capital One Financial Corp is a bank holding firm based in the U.S and focuses in auto loans, home loans, and credit cards banking along with savings products (Icon Group International, Inc. Staff and Icon Group Ltd 12-15). An associate of the Fortune 500, the corporation helped establish the mass marketing of credit cards in the initial periods of 1990s, and it is currently the fourth-largest client of the American Postal Service and its deposit assortment is ranked fifth in the country (Paige 14). Capital One Financial firm is the mother corporation of Capital One Auto Finance, or COAF, stationed in Plano, Texas. Subsequent to buying P eopleFirst, it grew to be the largest Internet auto lender and one of the highly ranked US auto lenders in general (Hitt et al 85). Kenya is my country of choice for investment for a number of reasons, first is the fact that Kenya is the fastest growing economy in the expanse and its performance is robust making it a viable destination for investment (Ndung’u, Collier and Adam 89-92). Commercially, Kenya has made numerous gains and its financial sector along with general economic environment is based on the contemporary economic standards. Kenya’s financial and banking sector is among the most robust and lucrative not only in East Africa but also in the entire world. Therefore, investing in the Kenyan financial and banking sector is a lucrative idea. The investment plan by Capital One Financial in Kenya’s financial and banking system will be organized in a number of stages to achieve the required results (Goodman and Downes 106). In essence, the investment progr am will echo the relevant realities in Kenya regarding the investment protocols that ought to be followed. Essentially, the investment will be done through joint ventures that represent the most convenient way of investing in Kenya. Therefore, Capital One Financial will seek joint venture with local banks in Kenya through which it will launch its services and operations in conjunction with the local bank. The choice of local company will be done in a categorical manner to make certain that the concerns and goals of the investing company are safeguarded. Nevertheless, the option of foreign direct investment (FDI) will be left open so as to ensure that Capital One Financial may invest directly in the Kenyan financial system. However, this will depend on the probability of success of FDI by the company on request of the Kenyan authorities. Financial banking is the discipline of administration of money along with other valuables pertaining to a particular business. It is obvious that ba nks tender basic advances, deposits in addition to financial counsel, though they as well facilitate dealings on complicated financial instruments like private equity, bonds along with mutual funds (IBP USA Staff 56-61). The majority of top performing contenders typically perceive careers in Banking as the pinnacle of accomplishment, and sectors such as coffers, equity trading, speculation banking along

The Long Arm Statute Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Long Arm Statute - Essay Example Jurisdiction over a defendant who is out-of-state is often known as extraterritorial personal jurisdiction or personam jurisdiction which permits a court to exert jurisdiction upon an individual. It is always an important requirement for a given court to listen to the merits of claims alleged. Going by the history, a given state had the capability of exercising its jurisdiction within its territorial limits. For that reason, a defendant who is nonresident was brought to court when the delivery of writ or summons (service of process) was settled while the defendant in question was within the state boundaries (Parness 486). In Adamson’s case, he lives in Idaho with his children who happened to have made an order of Makers Mark from Kentucky. Can Adamson serve the company with a â€Å"long arm service of process† and bring the case back to Idaho for court action? Adamson can serve the company with the long arm service of process so that the case can be taken back to Idaho. However, Kentucky would be ideal for handling the cases despite the fact that Adamson’s family hailed from Idaho, and had minimal contact with the forum state. In this case, Makers Mark was searched through the Internet and for that reason; there was ‘certain minimum contacts’ during the process.... However, Idaho is ideal for the hearing of the case as the defendants hail from the state and would be better placed to access the courts as opposed to going all the way to Kentucky. The best state for forum and review of the case would be Kentucky though with minimum contact, is the place to follow up the case as the transaction was done within the state. The fact that there was certain minimum contact was enough a reason to adopt the in Kentucky (Adams). Which state law from the two states should the Judge use? The judge will use the Kentucky state law which states that: A court may exert personal jurisdiction upon a person acting directly or through an agent as to claims emanating from the person’s conducting any business in this Commonwealth. The â€Å"person† in this case refers to an individual, administrator, his executor, any personal representative, partnership, association, corporation, or any other commercial or legal entity, who happens to be a non resident of the state (Parness 487). In this case Adamson is not the person that committed the act, but his children who acted as his representatives. They made the transaction on his behalf and are liable for legal action within Kentucky state statutes and laws. Explain the written law and your reasons. Analyze the written law in relation to this case, explain current case law and reach a conclusion as a judge Because the person (Adamson’s representatives) made an Internet search, this means that there was, in deed, certain minimum contact with the state. Secondly, the person also made calls and enquires and would later manage to convince the company through calls and fax that they were of the right age to make the transaction. The defendant has breached the Kentucky statute by

Creating a Diffusion Line For the Stella McCartney Brand Essay

Creating a Diffusion Line For the Stella McCartney Brand - Essay Example The paper "Creating a Diffusion Line For the Stella McCartney Brand" discovers the supply base of the Stella McCartney brand. Chung et al (2001) and Malhotra (1986) explain that brand personality can also be helpful in creating customer loyalty in the saturated domestic market, and this has been true of Stella McCartney. This is achieved through interaction with positive associations with the personalities of the consumers. Abedania (2010) states that this interaction helps a company to gain deeper understanding of the perception of consumers towards the brand. Stella McCartney has been able to tap into the value of its organized value chains to increase its profit margins, and reduce its expenses like transportation. A retail structure should enable a company to reach more target customers with the product and give an insight to their perceptions. An analysis of the company’s retail organizational structure indicates that it serves the needs of the organization. The company o perates 17 freestanding McCartney stores situated in Milan, New York, Los Angeles and London’s Mayfair, Manhattan’s Soho, Paris’ Palais Royal, LA’s West Hollywood, Rome and Miami. Currently, her collections are distributed in more than 50 countries through a network of 600 wholesale accounts including department stores and specialty shops. There is also an online shop for customers to purchase products online. This retail structure does not allow the company to have a total control on the delivery of its products. An overview of the supply base of the Stella McCartney brand From the above discussion, it is clear that Stella McCartney has an extensive supply chain. This supply chain serves the needs of the proposed diffusion brand and its proposed buying strategy in various ways. First, the extensive supply chain ensures that high-end designs more and easily accessible to the public. The customers are to be allowed to access lowly-priced but specially desi gned products for a limited time. Information from IBISWorld (2012) revels that offering products that are moderately priced than the original line will ensure that the devised buying strategy captures customers from less wealthy and younger demographics. This is a group of budget-conscious buyers and thus this strategy is important in ensure that customer demand is sustained all through the business periods, especially when the value of once-elite brands fades and they no longer sell as they used to. There is room for improvements that will help in ensuring that the existing supply chain serves the needs, and buying strategy of the proposed diffusion brand to a better level. One of the recommendations is to enter into lower-priced designer collaborations with many fast selling fashion retailers. Although the products will be offered at different price ranges, this step will result to increased sales and thus a general increase in revenue. The company is able to interact and communi cate with customers through various ways through its supply chain. For for example, it uses brochures and direct customer service which ensures that the needs of the customers are always taken into accountability when coming up with new designs. Global distribution strategy for taking the product forward to both the B2B and B2C consumer The company’s distribution strategy for taking the product forward to both the B2B and B2C should be formulated from a multichannel perspective.

APP5Hinton,N-Environmental Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

APP5Hinton,N-Environmental - Essay Example Malaria, which is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium is transmitted through infected mosquito bites. The disease can be detrimental if it’s kept untreated till a stage that the blood supply to vital organs is disrupted (WHO, 2009). The World health Organization has released some alerting statistics with regard to the outspread of Malaria. Their reports estimate that on an average one child dies every second because of malaria. As per the records of 2006, there were 247 million cases of malaria of which one million accounted to death (WHO, 2009). The most of these cases were from the African lands. Another alarming reality is that almost half of the worlds’ population is at risk of malaria (WHO, 2009). Taking an account of the economic damage that the disease causes, it has been estimated that almost 1.3% slow down is caused in the economic growth of countries with high rates of malaria incurrence (WHO, 2009). Up to 40% of the total budget for public heath is With re gard to all these dangers, it becomes much important to control mosquitoes, which are the vectors of the disease (WHO, 2009). The role of DDT thus becomes of much relevance. The reasons that have been pointed out in favor of DDT being preferred over other 12 recommended insecticides are its longer residual efficacy, the spatial repellency and the irritant effect (WHO, 2007). Resultantly, rather than killing the mosquitoes, they are repelled to the outdoor surroundings (WHO, 2007) However, the use of DDT has been proved to have many long term health effects coupled with damages to the environment, wildlife and the ecology in totality. There are a number of scientifically relevant researches which have confirmed the irreversible damages caused by DDT. The hydrophobic nature of the chemical makes it strongly absorbed to the soil and the green environment. This can cause irreversible damage to the organic base and the structure of the

The Long Arm Statute Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Long Arm Statute - Essay Example Jurisdiction over a defendant who is out-of-state is often known as extraterritorial personal jurisdiction or personam jurisdiction which permits a court to exert jurisdiction upon an individual. It is always an important requirement for a given court to listen to the merits of claims alleged. Going by the history, a given state had the capability of exercising its jurisdiction within its territorial limits. For that reason, a defendant who is nonresident was brought to court when the delivery of writ or summons (service of process) was settled while the defendant in question was within the state boundaries (Parness 486). In Adamson’s case, he lives in Idaho with his children who happened to have made an order of Makers Mark from Kentucky. Can Adamson serve the company with a â€Å"long arm service of process† and bring the case back to Idaho for court action? Adamson can serve the company with the long arm service of process so that the case can be taken back to Idaho. However, Kentucky would be ideal for handling the cases despite the fact that Adamson’s family hailed from Idaho, and had minimal contact with the forum state. In this case, Makers Mark was searched through the Internet and for that reason; there was ‘certain minimum contacts’ during the process.... However, Idaho is ideal for the hearing of the case as the defendants hail from the state and would be better placed to access the courts as opposed to going all the way to Kentucky. The best state for forum and review of the case would be Kentucky though with minimum contact, is the place to follow up the case as the transaction was done within the state. The fact that there was certain minimum contact was enough a reason to adopt the in Kentucky (Adams). Which state law from the two states should the Judge use? The judge will use the Kentucky state law which states that: A court may exert personal jurisdiction upon a person acting directly or through an agent as to claims emanating from the person’s conducting any business in this Commonwealth. The â€Å"person† in this case refers to an individual, administrator, his executor, any personal representative, partnership, association, corporation, or any other commercial or legal entity, who happens to be a non resident of the state (Parness 487). In this case Adamson is not the person that committed the act, but his children who acted as his representatives. They made the transaction on his behalf and are liable for legal action within Kentucky state statutes and laws. Explain the written law and your reasons. Analyze the written law in relation to this case, explain current case law and reach a conclusion as a judge Because the person (Adamson’s representatives) made an Internet search, this means that there was, in deed, certain minimum contact with the state. Secondly, the person also made calls and enquires and would later manage to convince the company through calls and fax that they were of the right age to make the transaction. The defendant has breached the Kentucky statute by

APP5Hinton,N-Environmental Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

APP5Hinton,N-Environmental - Essay Example Malaria, which is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium is transmitted through infected mosquito bites. The disease can be detrimental if it’s kept untreated till a stage that the blood supply to vital organs is disrupted (WHO, 2009). The World health Organization has released some alerting statistics with regard to the outspread of Malaria. Their reports estimate that on an average one child dies every second because of malaria. As per the records of 2006, there were 247 million cases of malaria of which one million accounted to death (WHO, 2009). The most of these cases were from the African lands. Another alarming reality is that almost half of the worlds’ population is at risk of malaria (WHO, 2009). Taking an account of the economic damage that the disease causes, it has been estimated that almost 1.3% slow down is caused in the economic growth of countries with high rates of malaria incurrence (WHO, 2009). Up to 40% of the total budget for public heath is With re gard to all these dangers, it becomes much important to control mosquitoes, which are the vectors of the disease (WHO, 2009). The role of DDT thus becomes of much relevance. The reasons that have been pointed out in favor of DDT being preferred over other 12 recommended insecticides are its longer residual efficacy, the spatial repellency and the irritant effect (WHO, 2007). Resultantly, rather than killing the mosquitoes, they are repelled to the outdoor surroundings (WHO, 2007) However, the use of DDT has been proved to have many long term health effects coupled with damages to the environment, wildlife and the ecology in totality. There are a number of scientifically relevant researches which have confirmed the irreversible damages caused by DDT. The hydrophobic nature of the chemical makes it strongly absorbed to the soil and the green environment. This can cause irreversible damage to the organic base and the structure of the

Issues in Second Language Learning Essay Example for Free

Issues in Second Language Learning Essay People today live in a â€Å"global village† – people correspond with each other from around the globe regularly through the Internet, modern transportation enables a person to travel from Africa to Europe in a matter of hours, products are bought and sold with increasing ease from all over the word, services are provided anytime, anywhere in the world, and real time coverage of major international news events is taken for granted. Thus, it seems that learning second language is a requirement in today’s highly globalised environment. However, second language learning (SLL) is a long and difficult process, and is a big task for anyone. After all, learning a first language is a process that involves much of a young child’s day, and ESL students in universities must work even harder in order to learn and acquire a second language. The learning process can be emotionally difficult for university students to take the step into a new language and culture. Adult learners, perhaps even more than children and adolescents, can be shy and embarrassed around others when trying out beginning language skills. Learners acquire a second language in many different ways. There are many similarities in how a second language is learned, but there are also differences based on individual student characteristics and language background. For example, outgoing students may begin to imitate phrases and expressions very early and try them without worrying about making mistakes. Conversely, other learners may not use their new language for some time. Usually, at the outset, learners may experience cultural shock as they are exposed to a new language, therefore, a whole new culture. This common experience, described as uprooting, is the abrupt transition from a familiar cultural milieu to an alien one. In the beginning of every SLL program, many learners experience a so-called honeymoon period, during which students are enchanted with the alien language without a true understanding of them. As time progresses, it is common for students to become almost hostile toward learning new language. Second language learners often suffer greater rates of anxiety, depression, and psychosomatic complaints. Furthermore, given the stresses SLL students face, a student struggling with language issues may lack the physical, emotional, or financial resources to tend to basic needs. After this stage, the learners are transitioned to so-called improved adjustment. In the last stage, the stage of bilingualism, the learners incorporate the norms of the language and culture that they have acquired and learned into their own lifestyle and their own value set. Cultural Issues Many students of SLL are struggling with learning a new language. These struggles stem above all from linguistic and cultural differences. Often, they experience the â€Å"language shock† phenomenon wherein learners confront anxiety when first entering a community in which they do not speak, or are not proficient in, the dominant language. It is a common occurrence in schools, where, despite their desire to speak the dominant language fluently, students must struggle for months or several years before they understand everything that is being said. This feeling of anxiety is aggravated by the ignorance of others. Consider the following example reported by Li (1999): When a Chinese mother went to pick up her daughter from school, she began to ask her some questions about her day, but in Chinese. The girl became upset with her mother and later explained that her classmates would laugh at her in those situations. Moreover, whenever the teacher in her school inquired as to who had made a particular mistake, one of her classmates would point to her and say, The Chinese girl, when it was usually not so. In addition to the language shock that occurs on entering a new environment, many students experience another kind of struggle. Because of the types of ordeal described above, second language learners have negative associations with speaking their native language. Yet when they go home, that is the language in which their parents communicate. Moreover, their parents insist that they too maintain the use of the native language as a connection to their homeland and heritage. But many second language learners, especially those who immigrated to English-speaking countries, associate proficiency and fluency in English with becoming American and so they want to give up their native language. These learners are caught in a battle: while at home, they are expected by their parents to speak their first language; at school they are pressured to speak the second language. Another important challenge that many second language learners face is understanding the curriculum and pedagogy used in the classroom. Western classrooms are largely Euro-centric and America-centric. Carger (1996) recounts the story of a Mexican American boy, who was a student in a predominantly Latino Catholic middle school in Chicago. While the teachers and administrators never openly stated that they believed their students were inferior, they treated them as if they were. The boy’s homeroom teacher often used a demeaning tone when she spoke to her students. She did not allow them to ask questions, nor did she encourage them to think on their own. Most of her assignments included content to which her students could not relate. For example, one task that the students were asked to complete was to describe the experience of going to the dentist. However, many of the students had never been to a dentist. Pedagogical Issues A major problem confronting learners is the failure of the teachers to appreciate different learning strategies and styles among SLL students. Increased interest in student-centred learning approaches amongst language educators has led to numerous studies investigating individual language learning strategies and their relationship to achievement in learning second/foreign languages. Studies have indicated support for appropriately applied language learning strategies on second/foreign language achievement (e. g. , Griffiths and Parr, 2001). The consensus of the research is that although all learners, regardless of success with language learning, consciously or unconsciously employ a variety of learning strategies; successful language learners engage in more purposeful language learning and use more language-learning strategies than do less successful ones. Overall, findings indicate that both the frequency with which learners apply language learning strategies and the strategies they choose are distinguishing characteristics between more successful and less successful learners. Learning strategies are strategies that contribute to the development of the language system which the learner constructs and which affect learning directly. They are steps taken to facilitate the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of information. In addition learning strategies are the special behaviours or thoughts that individuals use to help them learn, comprehend, or retain new information. Furthermore, it can be argued that learning strategies can foster learners’ autonomy in language learning. Strategies can also assist second language learners in promoting their own achievement in language proficiency. Learning strategies, therefore, not only help learners become efficient in learning and using a language, but also contribute to increasing learners’ self-directed learning. Whether as a result of heredity, educational background, situational requirements, age, or other factors, Sudanese learners of the English language understand and process information differently. While one individual prefers a particular learning style over another, such a preference reflects a personal inclination for how to learn in a particular situation. As personalities change, so too may their learning style preferences after exposure to different learning/teaching situations. Early research into language learning strategies was mostly concerned with investigating what language learning strategies learners used, without attempting to address the links between strategy use and success. Recent research has focused on determining the connections between strategy use and language proficiency. Such studies have shown that proficient language learners employed more strategies in language learning than less proficient language learners. Other findings have exposed a relationship between students’ perceptions of their language proficiency and strategy use. Oxford and Nyikos (1989) affirmed that greater strategy use accompanied perceptions of higher proficiency, while Wharton (2000) demonstrated a significant correlation between the two factors, indicating the higher a student’s language proficiency self-rating, the more frequent strategy use was. Long lists of learning strategies have been identified by a number of studies over the past thirty years Oxford (1993) reported that there were at least two dozen different classifications. Generally, these learning strategies fall under four broad categories, i. e. strategies that enable learners to: (1) comprehend, store, retrieve and use information; (2) manage and direct their learning through reflection and planning; (3) control their emotions; and (4) create opportunities to practice the target language with other people. Learning strategy system can be direct or indirect. Basically, direct learning strategies require mental processing of the target language. There are three major groups of direct strategies, each processes the language differently and for different purposes: memory, cognitive, and compensation. Memory learning strategies, also called mnemonics, involve mental processes used in arranging information in order, making associations, and reviewing. Cognitive learning strategies involve the processing of the target language so that meaning becomes clear through processes like reasoning and analyzing. Lastly, compensation learning strategies enable second language learners to make up for gaps in their knowledge and skills, by, for example, guessing meanings and using gestures. On the other hand, indirect strategies support and manage language learning often without involving the target language directly. The metacognitive, affective, and social learning strategies belong to the groups of indirect learning strategies. In essence, metacognitive learning strategies enable second language learners to plan, coordinate, evaluate, and direct their own learning as well as to monitor errors. Affective learning strategies, on the other hand, help learners gain control over their emotions, attitudes, and motivation through self-encouragement, self-reward, and reduction of anxieties. Finally, social learning strategies are ways of involving other people in enhancing learning through questions, cooperation and increased cultural awareness. Another pedagogical issue is that many SLL teachers do not generate environment that will foster learners’ understanding of making the essential mental construction. The current research proposes that students need to construct their own understanding of their learning. Constructivism provides a way of understanding teaching and learning and offers information for developing various ways of teaching, because the challenge in teaching is not to lecture, explain, or otherwise to attempt to transfer knowledge, but to create circumstances and experiences that engage the students and support their own explanation and application of language models needed to make sense of these experiences. The focus of constructivism is not unique to psychology; it also has roots in several areas, such as linguistics. Constructivism is primarily a theory of human development that in recent years has been applied to learning. The learning or meaning-making theory proposes that people create their own meaning and understanding, combining what they already know and believe to be true with new experiences with which they are confronted. The theory views knowledge as temporary, developmental, social and cultural. Lambert et al. (1995) described constructivism as the primary basis of learning where individuals bring past experiences and beliefs, as well as their cultural histories and world views, into the process of learning; all of these influence how we interact with and interpret our encounters with new ideas and events (p.xii). Guided by theories of constructivism, teachers must recognize that: learning is a search for meaning; meaning requires an understanding of the whole as well as its parts; in seeking meaning, they must understand the mental representations that students use to interpret the world and the assumptions they make to strengthen those representations; and the goal of learning is for the SLL student to develop his or her own understanding. Hence the students’ cultural-social and historical contexts are of importance in their learning. Social constructivist concepts have important implications in teaching strategies. Social constructivists believe that reality is constructed through human interactivity. Members of a society together construct the properties of the world. For them, reality does not exist prior to its social invention, thus it cannot be discovered. Also, social constructivism holds that knowledge is also a human product and is socially and culturally constructed, which suggests that individuals establish meaning by interacting with each other and with their environment. Additionally, social constructivism proposes that learning does not occur only within an individual, but is a social process; meaningful learning among SLL students happens when they are involved in social activities. Teachers can design instructional models based on the social constructivist perspective. These models promote collaboration among learners and with practitioners in the society. According to Lave and Wenger (1991) a society’s practical knowledge is positioned in relations among practitioners, their practice and the social organization and political economy of communities of practice. This suggests that learning should involve such knowledge and practice.